glutathione n acetylcysteine ascorbic acid alpha lipoic acid b vitamins The Combined Antioxidant Effects of N-Acetylcysteine, Vitamin D3, and from the Intestinal–Neuronal In Vitro Model VITAMISAN Glutathione Liposomal, NAC, Milk

Theranostics 13 , 324338 (2023)

[1] It fills both the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye, and is not to be confused with the vitreous humour, which is located in the space between the lens and the retina, also known as the posterior cavity or vitreous chamber

Statements Author contributions BT and W-P-PL conceived and designed the review and wrote the manuscript

Abbreviations AGE: Advanced Glycation End-products AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal Kinase DPP-IV: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV ERK: Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus GLP-1: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 GLUT4: Glucose Transporter Type 4 GSH: Glutathione HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin GAP: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 GAPDH: Gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c IB: Inhibitor of kappa B alpha IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate-1 IGF-1: Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 IFN-: Interferon gamma IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-18: Interleukin-18 IL-6: Interleukin-6 LF: Lactoferrin LGA: Large gestational age MDA: Malondialdehyde mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase NK: Natural killer NF-B: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p38: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase PPAR-: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate PARP-1: Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 PKB/AKT: Protein Kinase B PKC: Protein Kinase C PTP1B: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species BDNF: Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor SNE: Serum Neuron-Specific Enolase SIRT-1: Sirtuin 1 STZ: Streptozotocin SOD: Superoxide dismutase TGF-: Transforming growth factors TNF-: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha T1D: Type 1 diabetes T2D: Type 2 diabetes UCP-2: Uncoupling protein-2 UDP-GlcNAc: Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine Wnt: Wingless/Int-1 References Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M