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PUFAs can be converted to PUFA-containing phospholipids (PUFA-PLs) by ACSL4 and LPCAT3, which then react with ROS utilizing iron as a catalyst, thus triggering lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis [5, 12, 13]

1 Introduction Viral pneumoniaprincipally caused by influenza viruses, coronaviruses, and related pathogensis an inflammatory condition of the lung in which direct viral injury to the alveolar epithelium, coupled with an exaggerated host immune response, leads to impaired gas exchange and, in severe cases, multi-organ failure (Ruuskanen et al., 2011

Flavonoids, such as quercetin and catechins, are known for their ability to scavenge free radicals and modulate oxidative stress pathways [195]

Notably, nanocarriers such as gold nanoparticles loaded with miR-21-3p synergize with immune checkpoint inhibitors by disrupting redox balance and sensitizing tumors to ferroptosis [125]