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Neuropediatrics 54 , 7881 (2023)

Later experiments have found that adding high doses of copper can increase reactive oxygen species and protein carbonylation levels, decrease glutathione levels and SOD enzyme activity, leading to depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, elevated levels of active caspase-9 and caspase-3, increased levels of Bcl2-antagonist/killer 1 (Bak1) and Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), and decreased levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), ultimately resulting in cell apoptosis (134)

In this respect, the results of one experimental study in rats revealed that although L-carnitine and ALC showed comparable effects in the increment of carnitine levels in the brain and blood, ALC had higher efficacy in the reduction of oxidative brain injury [51]

G.MalinG.et al (2013)