green frog rana clamitans melanota Lithobates Meet our Green Frogs (Rana

An investigation of EGT production in Methylobacterium aquaticum 22 A revealed EGT accumulation of 12.2 mg/L (Fujitani et al

It is important to note that insomnia frequently co-occurs with other health conditions, including other sleep disorders, and should be considered an independent disorder unless it can be fully attributed to another cause

578 Fairman 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 0.00 Edward Fairman 578 Crissman 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 0.00 Tim Crissman 578 Gamradt 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 0.00 Chase Gamradt 578 Carillo 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 0.00 Lupe Carillo 578 LeBlanc 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 0.00 Karen LeBlanc 578 Reitz 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 6.00 Joel Reitz 578 Hickey 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 -7.00 Dean Hickey 578 Grunert 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 578.00 0.00 Janine Grunert 577.7 Hirakawa 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.70 0.00 Kenichi Hirakawa 577.6 Topini 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.60 -12.00 Giuseppe Topini 577.6 Goell 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.60 2.00 Johannes Goell 577.6 Schieder 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.60 0.00 Kerstin Schieder 577.6 Falchi 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.60 -11.00 Brunero Falchi 577.5 Spaulding 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.50 5.00 Coleen Spaulding 577 Marle 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.00 0.00 Kuhn Marle 577 Brammer 2010 Unknown Unknown 577.00 -1.00 Janice Brammer 577 Spaulding 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.00 0.00 Ken Spaulding 577 Denis 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.00 0.00 Raymond Denis 577 Tibben 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 577.00 6.00 Rick Tibben 576.5 Suchan 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 576.50 0.00 Dane Suchan 576.5 Edmunds 2025 No Photo Unknown Unknown 576.50 11.00 ashly Edmunds 576.4 Jones 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 576.40 -2.00 Christopher Jones 576.2 Skoien 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 576.20 -1.00 Dean Skoien 576 Briggs 2010 No Photo 908 Roof Unknown 576.00 21.00 Cary & Shane Briggs 575.5 Hausladen 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.50 0.00 Tony Hausladen 575.5 Williams 2024 No Photo 1997.5 Sherwood 2023 Unknown 575.50 -10.00 Luke Williams 575.5 Port 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.50 -9.00 Jerry Port 575.5 Hunsader 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.50 1.00 Kelly Hunsader 575.4 Noyer 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.40 0.00 Charly Noyer 575 Kocherhans 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.00 0.00 Yvan Kocherhans 575 Moreno 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.00 0.00 Albert Moreno 575 Beck 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.00 7.00 Matthias Beck 575 Faulkner 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.00 17.00 Reley Faulkner 575 Johnson 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.00 15.00 Midge Johnson 575 Ruble 2005 No Photo 603.5 Muller 2003 Unknown 575.00 0.00 Nick Ruble 575 Gibbons 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.00 0.00 Mike Gibbons 575 Wattam 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 575.00 -13.00 Dean Wattam 574.5 COURT 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 574.50 0.00 Doug Court 574.3 Sullivan 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 574.30 0.00 patrick Sullivan 574.3 Pichler 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 574.30 0.00 Martin Pichler 574 Franzen 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 574.00 0.00 Doug & Ron Franzen 574 Galvan 2018 No Photo 1330 LaRue 2016 Unknown 574.00 9.00 Antonio Galvan 574 Sweet 2005 No Photo 921 Platte Unknown 574.00 0.00 Ken Sweet 573.5 Sturm 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 573.50 0.00 Frank Sturm 573.5 Lohan 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 573.50 0.00 Brendan Lohan 573 Jennings 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 573.00 -1.00 Don Jennings 573 Hook 2016 No Photo Shaw Unknown 573.00 17.00 Elaine Hook 573 Masurat 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 573.00 0.00 Ken Masurat 573 Souchard 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 573.00 0.00 Bertrand Souchard 572.6 Lobay 2009 No Photo Unknown Unknown 572.60 0.00 Mary Lobay 572.5 Albrecht 2024 No Photo Unknown Unknown 572.50 2.00 Kole Albrecht 572.5 Roba 2011 No Photo 218 Sandercock Unknown 572.50 -5.00 John Roba 572 Drabek(23) 2016 No Photo 1177.5 Clementz 2015 Unknown 572.00 -17.00 Rick Drabek(23) 572 Bontempi 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 572.00 0.00 Elena Bontempi 572 Butz 2021 No Photo 1491 X2051 Unknown 572.00 5.00 Ray Butz 572 Powell 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 572.00 0.00 Brandon Powell 571.5 Miller 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 571.50 17.00 don Miller 571.5 SCHERER 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 571.50 0.00 Josh Scherer 571.4 Favre 2021 No Photo Unknown Unknown 571.40 0.00 Simon Favre 571.4 Mees 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 571.40 6.00 Luc Mees 571 Bauman 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 571.00 -4.00 Erik Bauman 571 Seamons 2018 No Photo Seamons 1060 Unknown 571.00 -2.00 Jim Seamons 571 Altholf 2008 No Photo 1077 Kurkowski Unknown 571.00 0.00 Ryan Altholf 571 Ondelli 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 571.00 -20.00 Bruno Ondelli 570.5 William 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 570.50 -11.00 John William 570.5 Warren 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 570.50 6.00 Pete Warren 570 Holmes 2010 No Photo 726 Holmes 2007 Unknown 570.00 0.00 Russ Holmes 570 Losier 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 570.00 0.00 Onil Losier 570 Reffner 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 570.00 0.00 Matlia Reffner 569.9 Jackson 2021 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.90 0.00 Mark Jackson 569.7 Asam 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.70 -10.00 Michael Asam 569.7 Rudorfer 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.70 -6.00 Martin Rudorfer 569.5 O'Brien 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.50 5.00 Wayne OBrien 569.5 Whitehead 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.50 0.00 Brenda Whitehead 569.5 Campainha 2005 No Photo 841 Stucker Unknown 569.50 0.00 Darren Campainha 569.2 Forster 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.20 0.00 Karl Forster 569 Lansing 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.00 3.00 David Lansing 569 Sawtelle 2021 No Photo 2051 Marshall 2019 Unknown 569.00 -11.00 Marc Sawtelle 569 Guiet 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.00 0.00 Thierry Guiet 569 Sittler 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.00 0.00 Darren Sittler 569 Costantino 2025 No Photo Unknown Unknown 569.00 4.00 Eric Costantino 568.8 Matteo 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.80 -7.00 tosoni Matteo 568.8 Joebstl 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.80 7.00 Waltraut Joebstl 568.8 Strelc 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.80 -1.00 Bogdan Strelc 568.8 Pinto 2023 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.80 19.00 Jose Antonio Pinto 568.6 Fitzpartick 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.60 0.00 John Fitzpartick 568.5 Anoskey 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.50 3.00 Tim Anoskey 568 Carr 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 0.00 Mark Carr 568 Shafer 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 6.00 Brad Shafer 568 Cook 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 -8.00 Robert Cook 568 Bell 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 -3.00 Christoper Bell 568 Warren 2019 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 -3.00 Pete Warren 568 Setters Farm 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 0.00 Setters Farm 568 Strout 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 0.00 Rebecca Strout 568 Herstrom 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 568.00 0.00 Dale Herstrom 567.7 Boeck 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 567.70 -5.00 Alexander Boeck 567.5 Box 2008 No Photo 898 Knauss 2001 Unknown 567.50 4.00 Andy Box 567 Brown 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 567.00 -3.00 Holly Brown 567 Bouer 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 567.00 0.00 Kelsey Bouer 567 Hummel 2011 No Photo 1303 Sweet 2009 Unknown 567.00 7.00 Bill Hummel 567 Berard 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 567.00 0.00 Al Berard 566.6 Fojkar 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 566.60 16.00 Stane Fojkar 566.6 Souchard 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 566.60 0.00 Bertrand Souchard 566.6 Fellner 2018 No Photo Mathias Unknown 566.60 0.00 Herbert Fellner 566.6 Goedel 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 566.60 8.00 Norbert Goedel 566.4 Vandoren 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 566.40 -11.00 Patrick Vandoren 566 Daigle 2024 No Photo Unknown Unknown 566.00 46.00 Zelica Daigle 566 Warren 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 566.00 0.00 Audrey May FF Warren 565.5 English 2025 No Photo 1796.5 Gadberry 2022 Unknown 565.50 -3.00 David English 565 Fletcher 2009 No Photo Unknown Unknown 565.00 0.00 Ray Fletcher 565 Harnica 2010 No Photo 869 Unknown 565.00 -4.00 John Harnica 565 McLean Jr 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 565.00 -5.00 Cliff McLean Jr 565 Binder 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 565.00 23.00 Brent Binder 565 Cleaview 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 565.00 0.00 Acres Cleaview 565 Gouin 2013 Unknown Unknown 565.00 0.00 Paul Gouin 565 Berard 2019 No Photo Unknown Unknown 565.00 -7.00 Al Berard 564.5 Giffin 2009 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.50 0.00 Ralph Giffin 564.5 Converse 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.50 0.00 John Converse 564.5 Killeen 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.50 0.00 Chris Killeen 564.5 Rowe 2021 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.50 15.00 Arin Rowe 564.4 Banic 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.40 -14.00 Lukas Banic 564.39 Kinnen 2010 No Photo 855,4 Duchezeau 2009 Unknown 564.39 6.00 Jang Kinnen 564 Graves 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.00 0.00 Angelo Graves 564 Honda 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.00 0.00 Saburo Honda 564 Kaler 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.00 0.00 Sam Kaler 564 LePlant 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.00 -7.00 Kyle LePlant 564 Hebert 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.00 0.00 Jean Hebert 564 Hatch 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.00 0.00 Wayne Hatch 564 Proulx 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 564.00 0.00 Paul Proulx 563.5 Bynon 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.50 5.00 Jim Bynon 563.5 Zwolski 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.50 10.00 James Zwolski 563.5 Zaychkowsky 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.50 0.00 Jennifer Zaychkowsky 563.1 Tom 2024 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.10 5.00 Brault Tom 563 Haindl 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.00 0.00 Katrin Haindl 563 Carlson 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.00 -10.00 Lynn Carlson 563 Hibbard 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.00 -3.00 Kate Hibbard 563 Gerth 2024 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.00 4.00 Steven Gerth 563 Crissman 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 563.00 1.00 Tim Crissman 562.5 Thomas 2012 No Photo 1674.5 Connolly 2010 Unknown 562.50 4.00 Henry Thomas 562.5 Krenz 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.50 0.00 Donn Krenz 562.5 Massman 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.50 0.00 Chris Massman 562.5 Breunig and Domke 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.50 0.00 Ben and Caton Breunig and Domke 562.2 Naralocnik 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.20 1.00 Franjo Naralocnik 562.2 Santos 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.20 -21.00 Fernando Santos 562 Parks 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.00 0.00 Tim Parks 562 Bauman 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.00 -1.00 Sarah Bauman 562 Sutherland 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.00 0.00 Dave Sutherland 562 Shaw 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.00 0.00 Garrett Shaw 562 Burrack 2025 No Photo Unknown Unknown 562.00 -19.00 Iasac Burrack 561.5 Deans 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.50 2.00 John Deans 561.5 Brunst 2007 No Photo 964 Brunst 2006 Unknown 561.50 0.00 Art Brunst 561.39 Honda 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.39 0.00 Chiwako Honda 561.1 LIS 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.10 4.00 Kamil Lis 561.1 Sousa 2021 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.10 -7.00 Henrique Paulo Sousa 561 Watson 2020 No Photo 1404 Lyons Unknown 561.00 0.00 Ben Watson 561 Johnson 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.00 6.00 Sue Johnson 561 Weibel 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.00 -6.00 Cory Weibel 561 Cha 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.00 5.00 da Cha 561 Fador 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 561.00 0.00 Michael Fador 560.9 Cassioli 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.90 8.00 Andrea Cassioli 560.9 Wilde 2023 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.90 -25.00 Ben Wilde 560.9 Krauss 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.90 -14.00 Matthias Krauss 560.9 Cools 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.90 -6.00 Louis Cools 560.5 Ruff 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.50 0.00 Utoni Ruff 560.5 Connors 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.50 8.00 Isaac Connors 560.5 Wellard 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.50 2.00 Fred Wellard 560.5 Carlson 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.50 -2.00 Christopher Carlson 560.5 Rossotti 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.50 0.00 don Rossotti 560 Brussel 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.00 16.00 Tim Brussel 560 Health 2023 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.00 0.00 Group Health 560 Keyzer 2006 No Photo 1042 Neuville 2005 Unknown 560.00 0.00 Gary Keyzer 560 Noll 2012 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.00 -10.00 Erin Noll 560 Althoff 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.00 -8.00 Ryan Althoff 560 Maston 2011 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.00 19.00 John Maston 560 Duguay 2019 No Photo Unknown Unknown 560.00 13.00 Abrielle Duguay 559.5 Spargo 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 559.50 10.00 Randall Spargo 559.5 Truchan 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 559.50 0.00 Jeff Truchan 559 Westcott 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 559.00 0.00 Steve Westcott 559 Willemse 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 559.00 0.00 Harry Willemse 559 Turner 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 559.00 0.00 Sean Turner 559 Hill 2017 No Photo 1496 Cronk 2015 Unknown 559.00 -3.00 Ron Hill 559 Collins 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 559.00 -9.00 Jay Collins 559 Gottleber 2005 No Photo Unknown Unknown 559.00 0.00 Jerry Gottleber 558.9 MarroniDaiana 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.90 1.00 CecconataRoberto MarroniDaiana 558.8 Schieder 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.80 0.00 Christoph Schieder 558.7 Thommen 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.70 0.00 Patrick Thommen 558.5 Oliver 2021 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.50 -6.00 Michael Oliver 558.5 Crissman 2019 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.50 -28.00 Gus Crissman 558.2 Goedel 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.20 8.00 Markus Goedel 558 Castner 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.00 15.00 Dan Castner 558 Harrop 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.00 0.00 David Harrop 558 Rutland 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.00 -5.00 Bobby Rutland 558 Mulder 2021 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.00 4.00 x Mulder 558 Hilstolsky 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 558.00 10.00 Michael Hilstolsky 557.8 Renaud 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.80 0.00 Philippe Renaud 557.8 Ferraris 2017 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.80 -15.00 Giustino Ferraris 557.5 Feuk 2023 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.50 -3.00 Jeremy Feuk 557.5 Mock 2016 No Photo 1394 McCoy 2015 Unknown 557.50 0.00 Jacob Mock 557.5 Wilson 2009 No Photo 1180 Daletas 2003 Unknown 557.50 5.00 RON WILSON 557.5 Benner 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.50 0.00 Dan Benner 557.3 Laurent 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.30 0.00 FILLIAUDEAU Laurent 557 Sanghera 2023 No Photo Wallace Whopper Unknown 557.00 1.00 Armaan Sanghera 557 Bailey 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.00 0.00 Tim Bailey 557 Holsopple 2016 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.00 3.00 John Holsopple 557 Swinhoe 2024 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.00 0.00 Steve Swinhoe 557 Smith 2011 No Photo 583 Smith 2010 Unknown 557.00 -4.00 Rachel Smith 557 Muller 2011 No Photo 1622 Young 2009 Unknown 557.00 0.00 Eda Muller 557 Stoker 2025 No Photo Unknown Unknown 557.00 0.00 Erin Stoker 556.7 Bessa 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.70 -13.00 Jorge Bessa 556.7 Mertens 2024 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.70 -2.00 Matthias Mertens 556.6 Messerschmidt 2010 No Photo 1330.5 Johnston/Butler 2009 Unknown 556.60 0.00 Ruby Messerschmidt 556.5 Dabel 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.50 0.00 Walt Dabel 556.5 Richards 2007 No Photo 958 McMullen Unknown 556.50 -6.00 Mark Richards 556.5 Paul 2025 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.50 -3.00 Michael Paul 556.4 Meier 2019 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.40 0.00 Gil Meier 556 Snow 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.00 0.00 Bob Snow 556 Sperling 2007 No Photo 792.9 Olsen Unknown 556.00 0.00 Simon Sperling 556 Aulenback 2023 No Photo 1242 Muis 2021 Unknown 556.00 0.00 Camden Aulenback 556 Rafe 2023 No Photo 1886.5 Ceja 2022 Unknown 556.00 1.00 Aaron Rafe 556 Campbell 2020 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.00 -19.00 Liz Campbell 556 Fador 2009 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.00 -15.00 Michael Fador 556 Runkle 2008 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.00 0.00 Carl Runkle 556 Nigro 2022 1943 Keenan 2021 Unknown 556.00 -6.00 Joe Nigro 556 Jahn 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.00 -4.00 Steve Jahn 556 King 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.00 2.00 Sissy King 556 Masters 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 556.00 0.00 Brian Masters 555.8 Plibersek 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.80 0.00 Ales Plibersek 555.6 Naralocnik 2018 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.60 0.00 Franjo Naralocnik 555.6 Fratagnoli 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.60 10.00 Danilo Fratagnoli 555.6 Cocozza 2014 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.60 -4.00 Michele Cocozza 555.5 Steeves 2007 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.50 0.00 Elizabeth Steeves 555.5 Martens 2006 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.50 0.00 Pete Martens 555.5 Harp 2010 No Photo 1236 Harp 2009 Unknown 555.50 1.00 Blaine and Christy Harp 555.5 Ruetz 2022 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.50 0.00 Joel Ruetz 555 Johnson 2009 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.00 -3.00 Dave Johnson 555 Krull 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.00 3.00 jonathan Krull 555 Vezzolo 2010 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.00 18.00 Lila Vezzolo 555 Merrill 2019 Unknown Unknown 555.00 0.00 Merrill Chris 555 Dupps 2024 No Photo Unknown Unknown 555.00 3.00 Adam Dupps 555 Knochel 2011 No Photo 1026 Young 2008 Unknown 555.00 -5.00 Clint Knochel 554.5 Jehart 2013 No Photo Unknown Unknown 554.50 0.00 Martin Jehart 554.5 Zobel 2015 No Photo Unknown Unknown 554.50 -2.00 Manfred Zobel 554.5 Sweet Jr

Keenan acknowledges that the FDAs usual approval process is expensive and imperfect