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This hypoxia not only promotes oxidative stress but also impairs the availability of essential neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which are critical for RGC survival (112)

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Increased glycolytic flux and glucose uptake lead to excess lactate production that is transported across membranes via monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4), thereby allowing the cells to prevent intracellular acidification and maintain high glycolytic activity (35, 36)

In addition, the hydrogel encapsulated with resveratrol B regulated macrophage polarization, alleviated inflammation, and promoted angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby comprehensively accelerating skin repair through multiple stages of the wound healing process (Figure 5A)