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The brain must generate large amounts of ATP to maintain the membrane potential, which is essential for the transmission of nerve impulses

Modern intraocular surgery always requires the intraoperative use of an intraocular irrigating solution (IIS)

Activation of Ret triggers two key signaling pathways: the PI3K/Akt pathway directly inhibits the mitochondrial translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and the MAPK/ERK pathway enhances mitochondrial biogenesis by upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1), and the Src kinase pathway is involved in regulating the survival and axonal regeneration of dopaminergic neurons [70]

The inflammatory response induced by oxidative stress may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (Wu et al., 2011)