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Ferroptosis is defined by the preservation of functional cytoplasmic membranes, increased mitochondrial membrane density, decreased or absent cristae, increased release of oxidized PUFAs, elevated cytoplasmic levels of lipid ROS, and the process can be inhibited by iron chelators (Yang and Stockwell, 2008

As illustrated in Figure 4, the gut microbiota serves as a central hub in diabetic lung injury, where gut-derived metabolites and toxins (e.g., LPS, BCAAs) remotely regulate pulmonary inflammation and immune responses through systemic circulation, ultimately leading to endothelial disruption and oxidative stress

Therefore, the results from the FAERS database should be interpreted with caution as they can overestimate adverse events due to reporting bias and do not establish causality