3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity
Journal International De Vitaminologie Et De Nutrition 131 accessed 18 October 2023 Hathcock JN and Shao A, Risk Assessment for Carnitine (2006) 46 Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 23 Ho J-Y and others, L-Carnitine L-Tartrate Supplementation Favorably Affects Biochemical Markers of Recovery from Physical Exertion in Middle-Aged Men and Women (2010) 59 Metabolism 1190 Koozehchian MS and others, Effects of Nine Weeks L-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance, Anaerobic Power, and Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Resistance-Trained Males (2018) 22 Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry 7 National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements Carnitine (Nih.gov2017) Pooyandjoo M and others, The Effect of (L-)Carnitine on Weight Loss in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) 17 Obesity Reviews 970 Stefan M and others, L-Carnitine Tartrate Supplementation for 5 Weeks Improves Exercise Recovery in Men and Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (2021) 13 Nutrients 3432 Traina G, The Neurobiology of Acetyl-L-Carnitine (2016) 21 Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition) 1314 accessed 12 July 2021 Yang Y and others, A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial for Efficacy of Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Patients with Dementia Associated with Cerebrovascular Disease (2018) 17 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 1 accessed 15 May 2020 Why Trust Us
2018;6:e5309
Treatment of HAECs and HVSMCs with TMAO, as well as acute TMAO injection in mice, activates NF-B signaling, leading to leukocyte recruitment to the aortic endothelium [38]
