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Thus, a comprehensive understanding of PD pathogenesis requires integrating this multicellular network, in which neuronal vulnerability is shaped by dysregulated interactions among neurons, glia, vascular cells, and peripheral immune components

Conversely, studies utilizing HFD-induced models have primarily revealed how compounds promote fatty acid oxidation and improve mitochondrial function

NUJST 15(1):2934

Stable isotope tracers offer greater biochemical and tissue specificity without concerns about radioactivity but typically measure relative flux (for example, the ratio of glycolytic to pentose-overflow flux) rather than absolute flux (for example, moles of glucose passing through oxPPP per unit time)