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Crucially, this study shifted the scientific paradigm from a simple model of "glutathione depletion" to a model of an "overwhelmed compensatory mechanism." The discovery that circulating immune cells in these patients actually have elevated glutathione levelswhile simultaneously suffering from a severe depletion of other protective enzymes like SOD2revealed that the cells are desperately, and unsuccessfully, trying to fight off a catastrophic level of oxidative damage

Interfaces 16 , 5829958312 (2024)

Biomed Pharmacother 111:666675 Saraiva C, Praa C, Ferreira R, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L (2016) Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: overcoming bloodbrain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases

In contrast to unicellular organisms, mammals cannot synthesize all the necessary amino acids for protein synthesis, and must acquire nine out of 21 amino acids from the diet