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How cigarette smoke skews immune responses to promote infection, lung disease and cancer Nature Reviews Immunology Cigarette smoke exposure and alveolar macrophages: mechanisms for lung disease Thorax Smoking is one of the most preventable causes of disease and death worldwide. It affects nearly every organ in the body through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and The Role of Smoking in the Mechanisms of Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Atherosclerosis

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