Among them, the most important compounds are ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and phenolics which are associated with the hydrophobic class of antioxidants (99, 100), whereas carotenoids and tocopherol (vitamin E) belong to hydrophobic antioxidants
[43] revealed that initially, the increased hepatic lipid availability in obese individuals with NAFLD enhances hepatic mitochondrial competence, however, it eventually stimulates enhanced hepatic oxidative stress and therefore, decreases mitochondrial activity, promoting the development of NAFLD into NASH [44]
For cell treatment by APAP precursors, HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes were first incubated with 50 g/ml of APAP or APAP-cys in the maintenance medium described above, during 0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, or 48 h, to optimize the incubation time required to detect APAP metabolites
Therefore, in this review, we aim to examine the recent research progress regarding the relationship between iodine and metabolic disorders, along with the relevant mechanisms