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Some of these dogs also showed clinical signs suggestive of enteropathy, such as diarrhea and a failure to gain weight
In vitro and animal studies have found that lipoic acid exhibits immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms that stimulate the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (90, 91) a central regulator of innate immune functions and inhibits the migration of immune cells into the brain and spinal cord (92), possibly by decreasing endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules, inhibiting expression of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and/or reducing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (87, 89, 93, 94)
Phosphorylation alters the electrostatic charge of its C-terminal domain, increasing its propensity for conformational changes, thus facilitating the transition from soluble monomers to insoluble oligomers and fibrils, effectively acting as a catalyst for the protein aggregation cascade [52]
