l carnitine neurotoxin Acetyl L-Carnitine (500mg) – NutraBio Brands NOW Foods Sports Nutrition, L-Carnitine

(PubMed) Heude B, Ducimetiere P, Berr C

Antidote None available Carnitine has been hypothesised based on case reports and extrapolation from treatment in children with inborn errors of metabolism

when damaged or absent, the conduction of nerve signals is slowed, causing numerous neurologic problems Neuron - a type of nerve cell that receives and transmits information within the brain and between the brain and the rest of the body Neurotransmitter - a chemical compound used by neurons to signal to each other Observational study - a human research study in which no experimental intervention or treatment is applied, and participants are simply observed over time Oxidative damage - damage that arises when the production of reactive oxygen species exceeds the ability of an organism to eliminate or neutralize them Placebo - a chemically inactive substance Plasticity - the ability to change Randomized controlled trial - a human research study in which participants are assigned by chance alone to receive either an experimental agent (the treatment group) or a placebo (the control group) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) - highly unstable oxygen-containing compounds that react easily with nearby cellular structures, potentially causing damage Synapse - sites of communication between neurons Synaptic plasticity - the capacity to change connections between neurons Test tube (in vitro) experiment - a research experiment performed in a test tube, culture dish, or other artificial environment outside of a living organism

Acknowledgements We thank Alexander Jetter for the discussion on colistin pharmacokinetics, as well as Larissa Govers from Christian Grimms lab for the donation of mouse kidneys from cadavers for the isolation of mitochondria