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Another study [44] with uremic patients with some degree of muscular atrophy, reports that 24-week treatment with l-carnitine (2 g IV at the end of hemodialysis, or in dialysis solution, or per os twice daily) leads to an increase of about 7% in the diameter of type I and type IIa fibers, as well as to a reduction in atrophic fibers

During a retrospective study, researchers compared the effects of the ketogenic diet to modern anticonvulsant medications in 150 children

Malnutrition, Sarcopenia, and Malnutrition-Sarcopenia Syndrome in Older Adults with COPD

Change history 15 May 2025 A Correction to this paper has been published: Abbreviations ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases AR: Androgen receptor ER: Estrogen receptor PR: Progesterone receptor GH: Growth hormone SARMs: Selective androgen receptor modulators DHT: Dihydrotestosterone ARE: Androgen-responsive elements ChIP: Chromatin immunoprecipitation ChIP-qPCR: ChIP-quantitative polymerase chain reaction Mef2: Myocyte enhancer factor 2 Mef2c: Myocyte enhancer factor 2 C ARKO: AR knockout MCK: Muscle creatine-kinase HSA: Human -skeletal actin MyoD: Myoblast determination protein 1 cARKO: Myofiber-specific ARKO Mylk4: Myosin light chain kinase 4 fmARKO: Fast-twitch muscle-specific ARKO ROS: Reactive oxygen species Fbp2: Fructose-bisphosphatase 2 Pcx: Pyruvate carboxylase Pfkfb3: 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 GSN: Gelsolin ADF: Actin-depolymerizing factor Hic-5: Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 ARA55: AR co-activator Hic-5 PXN: Paxillin GR: Glucocorticoid receptor SRC: Steroid receptor coactivator NCOA: Nuclear receptor coactivators PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 PRC: PGC-1-related coactivator HDACs: Histone deacetylases NCoR: Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor PKA: Protein kinase A PKC: Protein kinase C PLC: Phospholipase C Src: Sarcoma kinase PI3Ks: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases MAPKs: Mitogen-activated protein kinases IP 3 : Inositol trisphosphate PTX: Pertussis toxin MEK: Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin FOXO3a: Forkhead box protein O3 mTORC1: mTOR Complex 1 FAK: Focal adhesion kinase IRSs: Insulin receptor substrates AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1R: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor 4E-BP1: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 eIF4E: Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E S6K1: Ribosomal protein S6 Kinase beta 1 MAFbx: Atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box MuRF1: Muscle RING finger 1 mAR: Membrane AR aGPCR: Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor GPR 133: G protein-coupled receptor 133 Fln: Filamin Rac 1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 Drp1: Dynamin-related protein 1 TGF-: Transforming growth factor- SMAD: Small mothers against decapentaplegic SMAD4: SMAD family member 4 Pax3: Paired Box 3 ADT: Androgen deprivation therapy IL-6: Interleukin-6 LPL: Lipoprotein lipase TNF: Tumor necrosis factor- IL-1: Interleukin-1 IL-10: Interleukin-10 CRP: C-reactive protein TRT: Testosterone replacement therapy References Frontera WR, Ochala J