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If your dog is suffering from inherited selective cobalamin malabsorption, chronic enteropathies, or EPI, your vet may recommend 250 to 1,000 mcg of cobalamin, taken orally once a day

The only plant-based options that may contain traces of bioavailable B12 are: Fortified plant-based milk (soy, almond, oat) Fortified cereals Nutritional yeast Certain types of edible algae or seaweed (like nori) Even then, the B12 content in these foods is limited, and absorption depends on the form and quality of fortification

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease that attacks and potentially destroys gut cells so that intrinsic factor is not present, which is crucial for vitamin B12 to be absorbed

Cobalt naphthenate used in the polyester resin and plastics manufacturing industries can also cause an allergic contact dermatitis, but this may not be detected by the standard patch test with cobalt chloride