The patient does not yet have any smoking associated issues
Tattoos / piercings/ acupuncture (in unregistered premises or with possibly unsterile equipment or with needles that were not new) Regularly shared razors or toothbrushes (with a person who is known to have hepatitis B or may have been at risk, see risk factors above) Born in a high risk country (Asia, Africa, South America, Pacific Islands, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) Medical or dental procedures in a high risk country (Asia, Africa, South America, Pacific Islands, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) Sharps injury (may have been in connection with job if they work in a healthcare setting) Current intra-venous(IV) drug use / past intra-venous drug(IV) use (including steroids, even once and sharing any injecting equipment) Current sniffing or smoking cocaine / past sniffing or smoking cocaine (sharing pipes, notes or straws) Contact sports, fights and a human bite (where they may have come in contact with another persons blood) Note: The virus is not passed on during normal social contact, such as holding hands, hugging, or sharing food, cups or crockery and the same toilet.
Relative survival is becoming recognised as the most appropriate approach for many cohort studies [25]
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 24 (1), 5359
