Butt and Volkoff, 2019
Abbreviations ATP adenosine-triphosphate BBB blood-brain barrier CAD collision-activated decomposition (technique of mass spectrometry) CAD-MS-MS collision-activated decomposition tandem mass spectrometry (technique of mass spectrometry) DMPO 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N -oxide (a spin-trap compound) EdAG -glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine ERMS Energy-Resolved (tandem) Mass Spectrometry (technique of mass spectrometry) EXAFS extended X-ray absorption fine structure (spectroscopic technique) FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form GCL glutamate-cysteine-ligase (holo-enzyme) GGT -glutamyl-transpeptidase (enzyme) GIBMS Guided-Ion Beam Mass Spectrometry (technique of mass spectrometry) GLCL glutamate-cysteine-ligase (functional enzyme sub-unit) GLCR glutamate-cysteine-ligase (regulatory enzyme sub-unit) Gpx Glutathione peroxidase (enzyme/s) GR Glutathione reductase (enzyme/s) Grx Glutaredoxins (enzyme/s) GSH glutathione (-ECG), reduced form GSSG glutathione disulphide GST glutathione -S- transferase GSTA1-1 glutathione -S- transferase isoenzyme A-A1 IARC International Agency for Cancer Research MerA mercuric reductase A (enzyme) MMA(V) mono-methyl-arsonic acid (V) MS-MS tandem mass spectrometry MTs Metallothioneins NAC N- acetyl-cysteine NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form NADPH phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (spectroscopic technique) Prx Peroxiredoxins (enzyme/s) RBC red blood cells (erythrocytes) ROS Reactive Oxygen Species TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (a class of organic electrophiles) TEMPO 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-Oxyl (a spin-trap compound) XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure (spectroscopic technique) Dedication I dedicate this article to the beloved memory of my parents, Letizia ( ne Morabito, 19292009) and Giovanni Maria Rubino (19252013) for all their encouraging love and guidance, and of my own early mentor, Professor Bruno Danieli (19392014) of the Universit degli Studi di Milano, for much personal friendship and intellectual support
In the in vitro study of DiNapoli et al
High concentrations of fumarate bind to glutathione, augmenting ROS signaling and accumulation, as observed in not only in vitro models but also in vivo models 136,137
