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[91] Since only bacteria and some archea possess the genes and enzymes necessary to synthesize vitamin B 12 , plant and algae sources all obtain the vitamin secondarily from symbiosis with various species of bacteria, [5] or in the case of fermented plant foods, from bacterial fermentation

50% by a doxycycline inducible shRNA (29) ( Supplementary Figure S1 )

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For example, an analysis of cross-sectional 20112014 NHANES data on 2,420 adults age 60 years or older found that low vitamin B12 (MMA greater than 0.27 micromol/L or serum vitamin B12 less than 203 pg/mL [150 pmol/L]) combined with high folic acidunmetabolized serum folic acid greater than 0.44 mcg/L (1 nmol/L) or serum total folate higher than 32.7 mcg/L (74.1 nmol/L)was associated with an almost two to three times higher risk of cognitive impairment [84]