Meshi D, Drew MR, Saxe M, Ansorge MS, David D, Santarelli L, et al
Epitalon mechanism is better understood at the enzymatic level (AANAT upregulation, pCREB activation) but the full picture of how it achieves tissue-specific pineal protection remains unclear
Gene expression and cellular regulation Epithalon's broader cellular effects: Modulates over 100 genes related to aging and longevity Upregulates genes involved in DNA repair Downregulates pro-inflammatory genes Influences antioxidant enzyme production Affects genes controlling cellular metabolism Key gene expression changes: Upregulated (increased): Telomerase (hTERT gene) Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) DNA repair enzymes Cell survival genes (Bcl-2 family) Collagen synthesis genes (in some tissues) Downregulated (decreased): Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) Pro-apoptotic genes (excessive cell death) Senescence-associated genes Oxidative stress markers Cellular pathways affected: Mitochondrial function : Improved energy production Autophagy : Enhanced cellular cleanup Protein synthesis : Better quality proteins Immune regulation : Balanced response Hormone production : More youthful levels Why gene regulation matters: Aging partly driven by gene expression changes Restoring youthful gene patterns reverses age-related decline Multiple pathways = comprehensive anti-aging effect Not just one mechanism (telomeres) but systemic optimization Similar comprehensive effects seen with other anti-aging peptides like GHK-Cu and thymalin
Sikiric, P., Drmic, D., Sever, M., Klicek, R., Blagaic, A., Tvrdei, A., Kralj, T., Kovac, K., Vukojevi, J., Siroglavi, M., Gojkovic, S., Krezic, I., Pavlov, K., Rasic, D., Mirkovic, I., Kokot, A., krti, A., & Seiwerth, S
