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Certain strains, such as Lactobacillus paracasei , suppress differentiation of tissue-injurious Th17 cells while expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby increasing mucosal IL-10 and TGF- and restoring immune tolerance (Su et al., 2024)
3g), but the H 2 O 2 -inhibition efficiency of ZMTP is much lower than that of natural catalase, as in catalase the oxoferryl porphyrin cation radical (P + -Fe IV = O) (rather than Fe V ) can form under the assistance of Tyr 354 residue, which favors the valence transition of Fe center during H 2 O 2 decomposition
362,363 IR contributes to endothelial dysfunction by decreasing nitric oxide (NO) production via PI3K/Akt pathway from endothelial cells, 364 and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, prothrombotic factors and proinflammatory markers mediated by MAPK/ERK activity, 365 that both increases the cardiovascular risk, increased ROS levels in turn leads to the inhibition of insulin-PI3K signaling pathway through IRS-1 phosphorylation, which may aggravate IR
