tobacco teratogenic effects Health of smoking Nicotine as a female reproductive
Nicotine as a female reproductive toxicantA review Bhardwaj 2025 Journal of Applied Toxicology Wiley Online Library Maternal cigarette smoking before or during pregnancy increases the risk of birth congenital anomalies: a population based retrospective cohort study of 12 million mother infant pairs BMC Medicine Springer Nature Link Intrauterine exposure to nicotine through maternal vaping disrupts embryonic lung and skeletal development via the Kcnj2 potassium channel ScienceDirect Impact of prenatal exposure to smoking on child health PMC
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