penn state electronic cigarette dependence index E-cigarettes less addictive than cigarettes Using the Penn State Nicotine
Using the Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index (possible range 020), #ecig dependence increased slightly through Week 4 and then declined. At all timepoints, ecig dependence was significantly lower than combustible cigarette dependence. Popular electronic cigarette may deliver nicotine more effectively than others, researchers say Penn State Health News Vaping FBA by Behavior Data Tracking TPT Development and initial validation of a new self report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products Scientific Reports
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