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A computational docking simulation using HDOCK on hBAX (PDB code 2K7W) and BNIP3-peptide 1-49 predicted an interaction with residues in BAX via -helix 5 and the N-terminal half of 1-2 loop, an important domain for its activation 37 (Fig

Modulators of mitophagy, including PINK1/Parkin activators, may enhance the clearance of damaged mitochondria and promote antifungal immunity, although their therapeutic potential requires further validation (Qin et al., 2023)

A recent study demonstrated that hyperoxia exposure markedly increased mtROS levels in neonatal mouse lung tissue, activated the NLRP3 inflammasome as well as promoted GSDMD cleavage dependent on caspase-1 and interleukin-1 release, ultimately resulting in macrophage pyroptosis and impaired alveolar development (Tu et al., 2025)

5.3 SCFA production and anti-inflammatory effects Certain probiotic strains, particularly members of the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera, produce SCFAs, notably acetate, propionate, and butyrate, via the fermentation of dietary fibers (168)