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Maintenance phase (weeks 812) At week 8, the dose titration phase will end and participants will be maintained on the patch dose achieved at the end of the titration phase for the remainder of the study in order to determine the primary outcome of sustained (continuous) abstinence from weeks 9 through 12 (assessed at study visits 10 through 13)

For each toxicant, there will be an individual balance between its diffusional characteristics through cigarette paper and its adsorptivity on HAC, and these competing factors explain the various behaviours at different circumferences seen in this study

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the inclusion of data from 6 countries meant that it was not possible to include researchers who were embedded within the various specific cultural contexts