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Discussion In this work we revealed that FA alters the GSH:GSSG redox balance, triggers oxidative stress, and causes cytotoxicity in cells and organisms without any deficiency in DNA repair (Figs

In animal studies it has shown effects on tendon repair, gut lining healing, and new blood vessel growth, often by raising VEGF

For translational confidence, studies should include prolonged follow-up (weeks to months), dose-fractionation schedules that mimic chronic dosing, aged animals or disease models, and paired clearance experiments to quantify retention and excretion routes (170)

Consequently, they produce large amounts of glutathione to maintain the redox balance